Vazhnama Philosophic: Bedbinti (Pessimism)
1. Bedbinti (Pessimism): Tygeha bedbintiy be mana khwe a resen dezhitia khweshbintiy (optimism) est. Weki nehyrinek jihani zhi portraitek resh ud bedbin desywerinet. Merevyn bedbin dawiek bedbin kheyal deken ud de derbary szoberozha khwe da zhi reshbin en. A. Schopehauer de berhema khwe a be navy ‘Donia Pyshnuma ud Xhamd” da sebebyn reshbintia metaphisic dae berchahvan. Gotena wi a navdar hew est co gotie ‘zhian be temami ysh ud zhan est.’(Alles Leben ist Leiden). Tethira bedbintiy de cedsala 20an da byhter hatie xhiskerden. Hendek kesyn co de ben tethira bedbintiy da manen zhi ev en: Émile Michel Cioran, Ulrich Horstmann, Ludwig Marcuse ud Theodor Heuss.
2. Berz, Gewre (Sublime): 1- Teshty zory dedet sinoryn merev ud le wy dae sinoran est. Teshty co be cery khwe ud raser est. 2- Hyza co wem de ben da detdewen (depercheqen), co by cer ud ber est, balupal est co e navbera me ud wy da bynisbetiek berbechahv heye. 3- Kes ya hyzhahia co wem wy zhe her teshti raserter debinen co be aszilti, hyz, gewreti, hyzhahi ud mezenatia khwe zhe yn den joda est. 4- Avahia co raseri hemi hein ud tygehan est, ud co zhe ber vy tdeibetia khwe ryz ly dehyt gerten. 5- Wosheshan (san. visheshan; lat. adjective, ar. szefet) teshtyn co wem qedr ud qimetek mezen dedene wan ud be aszalet ud mezenatia khwe zhe teshtyn den joda debiten. Philosophy co heri zyde le ser tygeha ‘berz’ car kerdie Immanuel Kant est. Kant gotie co berz, by shekl est ya zhi shekleki wy y diar tonne. Lybely hew nesne est co de hondery khwe da ramana temamtiy dexhabine ud lewma zhi dhewq ud khweshiy dedet me.
3. Berzti (Sublimation): Rewşa bertderefkerdena xhisan. Zhe bo khwe dana der, le rieke newe gerrin instinctek (lat instinctus, ar. gherizuhu) tepesandi. De vy rewşy da dema merev be instinct, xhis, hest, khwasten ud arezueky bery khwe deded objectek ya zhi armanjeky ud dema hew be dest nakeven, hingy de shuna wan da merev bery khwe dedet xhis, instinct an zhi armanjeke den, ya zhi neweter. De vy rewshy da hendek hest ya zhi instinctyn ‘zhyr’ vedegoherren hendek hest ya zhi instinctyn ‘bolend’.
4. Brahmanism: Brahmanism navy mefhuma dini ud jemaxsati a co zhe aliy brahman ve hatie damezranden est. Berdewama vedaismy est. Be baweria brahmanismy zhe bo gian becanebet khwe begehinet ‘mokshay, rezgariy’ gelek riyn joda henen. Ly be tdeibeti do ry mohim en: yek yoga est ud a den zhi bhakti est co ev yek zhi teqlidek temasha mystic est.
5. Gewher (lat. substantia): Mana peiva gewher rastia co peshta verbyn goherbar degeret, a co khwe be khwe dehyt meidany ud be tena cery khwe heye. Be gotenek den merev decanet bebyzhet a co hebuna gewher ne le ser hebuna subject est, be hawaeki be cery khwe heye. Philosophy inglis John Locke zhe bo peiva substantia de zmany latinki de mana ‘de beni da est, a co bengeh est’ weha debyzhet: “Wem tynagehizhen weszfyn co be cery khwe hebuna khwe dedominen ud be hawaeki by gav wem weha defekeren devyt hendek teshtyn den yn co palpeshtia wan deken zhi hebiten. Herweha disa wem weha defekeren co hew teshty peshtger de objectyn den da zhi henen. Va est wem zhe wy weszfa hempar ra debyzhiten gewher.’ René Descartes zhi weha debyzhet: ‘Dema wez le gewher defekerem, wez le teshteki weha defekerem co zhe bo hebuna khwe lazemia wi be teshteki den tonne. Heker wem ashkera bebyzhiten, devyt wem bebyzhiten co be teny khwedy weha est.’ Baruch Spinoza zhi debyzhet: ‘Wez zhe tygeha gewher heina co zhe ber khwe ve chy debet ud weki khwe est tydegehym. Zhe bo pyk-hatena vy tygehy zhi lazemi be tygehek den tonne.’ Lybely wem dezanen co zanin hebuna teshteki nagoherre qebul naket. Legel vy yeky hendek theoriyn modern debyzhiten co hein zhe quarkan pyk dehyten co hew maddyn hempar en ud nagoherren. De philosopia dialectic da gewher madde est.
6. Cogito Ergo Sum: ‘Cogito ergo sum’ (Defekerem nekhwe wez heme), gotenek philosophic a René Descartes (1596-4650) est, ud de rationalisma rozhavai da weki gotenek (element) damezrincar hatie diten. Cogito ergo sum terjuma latinki a jomla ‘Je pense, donc jesuis’ co jomleek franceski est ud zhe kitaba wi a ‘Discours sur la méthode – Khweshbyzha le ser Rybaz, 1637’ hatie gerten. Descartes de destpyky da 4 principan destnishan deket. 1- Zhe bli fekryn ashkere ud zelal devyt fekryn den nehyten qebulkerden. 2- Zhe bo problem becaneben weren charekerden, devyt tyra khwe weren dabeshkerden. 3- Fekr, devyt zhe sadetiy ber be yn tevlehev ve ryz bebiten. 4- Devyt merev bala khwe bash bedy co fekrek kym nemabet ya zhi nehatebet zhebirkerden. Peshti destnishankerdena chend principan weha py da chue: ‘Sehekyn me khapinok en ud jarenan me dekhapinen. Zhe ber vy sebeby zhi, devyt wem bash bezanebiten co hemi teshtyn khwiai ne mina khwe nen, ya zhi mina khwe khwia naken. Gelo wez dy chawa bezanebem co wez noka le ser soby runeshteme. Wez nacanem be vy yeky bezanebem. Chemki debet co wez de khew da bem, ya zhi khewneky debinem. Ya zhi debet co sheitdaneki mozewwer xhanekyn khwe be men deket. Lybely yekane teshty co wez zhy gomany nakem hew est co wez defekerem. Wez de khewy da bem zhi, yek men bekhapinet zhi, ud wez khwe by beden befekerem zhi wez defekerem. Chemki wez defekerem, nekhwe wez heme.’
7. Aferina zhe tonnetiy (Creatio ex nihilio): Zhe aferina zhe tonnetiy ra be latinki Creatio ex nihilo dehyte goten. Creatio aferin est, nihilio zhi tonneti, hicheti est. Merev decanet zhe vy ra chybuna zhe nebuny, heinia zhe nehiny zhi bebyzhet. Gotena latinki nihilio ud a cordki nehin debet co be aszlyn khwe zhe heman gotena zmanyn hindo-european biten. Aferina zhe tonnetiy nehyrinek dinyn monotheist a aferandena khwedai est. Be vy nehyriny, khwedy hemi hebun zhe tonnetiy aferandene; zhe nebuny hew kerdene hebun. Hemi tesht be fermana wi a ‘Bebet!” bune. Ev nehyrin be nehyrina grekan (hellen, yunan) ra ne le hev est. Wan baweria khwe be vy yeky nehanine, gotene teshtek zhe tonnetiy chynabet.
8. Cheshidyn Ekhlaq (Types of Morality): Cheshidyn ekhlaqi yn co be persa ‘merev le gor che ud zhe bo ky ekhlaqi delebetet?’ derdekeven holy nen. Be vy pivany 4 chyshidyn ekhlaq henen. 1- Ekhlaqy dini: Ev cheshidy ekhlaqy de tykeliyn merev ud heinyn neberbechahv (nekhwiai, raser, deri sorushty) da dehyten diten. Methela de traditiona classic a musewiti ud khristiantiy da zhe 10 fermanan 3 fermanyn pyshin nomunyn vi cheshidy ekhlaq in. Be vi cheshidy ekhlaq kesyn co le ber wan ceri heldaben mina co le ber khwedy ceri heldaben byekhlaqti kerdene, dehyten helseganden. 2- Ekhlaqy sorushti: Ev cheshidy ekhlaq de henjama tykeliyn de nav merev ud sorushty da dehyte diten, ud byhter de nav comyn hov da khwia debet. 3- Ekhlaqy shekhszi: Ekhlaqy co shekhszi est, ne le ser ekhlaqy dini ya zhi jemaxsati est. 4. Ekhlaqy djemaxsati: Ekhlaqy co de henjama tykeliyn merevan yn jemaxsati da derdekevet holy est. Ekhlaqy co heri zyde le ser dehyte rawestin ud debet babeta lycolinan ev cheshidy ekhlaq est.
9. Delila ekhlaqi (Moral Argument):Nehyrina co dekhwazet hebuna khwedy be delilkyn ekhlaqi bepeitine (moral argument for the existence of the god) ud hebuna khwedy be hebuna hyzhahiyn ekhlaqi yn merevan rawe deket. Be vy ferasety, hebuna khwedy de tejrobyn ekhlaqi yn merevan da vesharti est. Ev feraset khwe despyret chend argumentan: 1- Hebuna wijdana merevi, co bengeha ekhlaq ud ekhlaqitiy est, anjagh be hebuna khwedy decanet were rawekerden. 2- Tygehyn ekhlaqi yn mina wezsife, rasti, dorosti ud xhaqaniet anjagh be hebuna khwedy decanen weren rawekerden. 3. Ekhlaqtia hyza khwe a sanctiony (mueyyide) zhe jeza ud khylqetyn (khelat) khwedai werdegeret. 4. De nav bekhtiartia shekhszi ud hyzhahiyn ekhlaqi da tykeliek khort heye ud ev yek heker wek khwastenek aqel were qebulkerden, wy demy zhe aliy subjectyn ekhlaqi ve qebulkerdena hebuna khwedy teshteki maqul ud aqelane est. Philosophy co jara pyshin ev argument be car hanie Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) est, ud Kant delila 4an weki delilek esasi be car hanie. Be Kant, merev mejbur est heinek ekhlaqi bet ud hyzhahia merev deket hyzhahi bekhtiartiy zhi ekhlaqiti est. Disa Kand debyzhet co de jihana aqeli da systema co ekhlaqiti ud bekhtiartiy deket yek heye ud ev yek mafy me y heri sorushti est. Lybely devyt ev yek teny de asta ramani da neminet, nekhwe dy ekhlaqiti hich nacanebet khwe begehinet bekhtiartiy. Lewma be Immanuel Kant zhi yekitia ekhlaq ud bekhtiartiy debet sebeba qenjia raserterin. Legel vy yeky temamia merevan rabebiten weren jem hev zhi, be cery khwe nacanen wy bashtia raser (bolend) beaferinen. Lewra ev yek zhe wan zydeter est ud xhatta zhe system ud sazumana sorushti zhi zydeter est. Wate, ne merev ne zhi sazumana sorushti decanen wy bashtia raser pyk behinen. Ev yek teny be ria ramina Aqely Mutdleq (khwedy) decanet pyk were co hew gerduny be ria qanunyn ekhlaqi idare deket.
- Çavkanî: Ferhenga Felsefeyê: Alî Gurdilî – Weşanên Na, Sal: 2021
- Di hejmara dudîan de, hatiye weşandin.
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