De Ramana Cordan da Moderniti

Moderniti gotenek franceski est. Be franceski modernité dehyte nevisten. Be aszly khwe zhe gotena latinki modernus dehyt. Modernus zhi disa zhe gotenek latinki modo[1] dehyt. Gotena modo a latinki ud modek a cordki a zhe mod+ek pyk dehyt her do zhi zhe zmany Proto-Hind-Europi (PIE) med- dehyten.[2] Practica gotena modern zhe mana khwe a destpyki geleki ferehter est. Moderniti khwedi manyn pyshve, radical, progressist ud shoreshger est. Hozanvany (poet) frances Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud de akhavtenek khwe da wosa gotie: “Il faut être absolument modern”.[3]

Moderniti mefhumek edebi ud honeri est. De bist salyn pyshin yn cedsala  XXan da gehishtie asta khwe a bolendterin. Be qasi co international est khwedi alieki interdisciplinari est zhi. Zhe edebiaty (roman, xhikayet, hozan, theatro) xhatta honeryn ditbar, nigar, peiker begeren ta be mimari ud musicky de waryn juda da da teshira khwe nishan dae. Merev decanet vy weki newetiek mezen be nav beket. Vy newetiy be azmunyn shemali hawaeki newe y ramany le ser dezhaetia realisma cedsala XXan be khwe ra hanie. Moderniti berhema jihanek zhe tevlehevtiyn social, economic, politic, philosophic ud technic est. Jenga Pyshin a Jihany de zydekerdena vy tevlehevtiy da khwedi tethirek mohim est. Edebiata modernist edebiata crisisy est. Be vy rastia khwe zmany raman ud namandena (representation) rastiy zhi tenggav kerdie.[4]

De nav cordan da nomunyn pyshengi yn modernitiy de cedsala VIIIan da be hozanyn (poems) dini yn diny yarsan[5] dest py deken. Ev dema pyshnegtiy de cedsala XVIIan be hendek ramanyn Exhmedy Khani yn national dewam deket. De destpyka cedsala bistan da be hozan ud gotaryn Xhaji Qadery Coi gelek kesyn den yn de covara Rozhi Cord da mevistenen modernitia cordan a derengmai xwe dedet khwiakerden. Ramanyn Xhaji Qadery Coi be ramanyn Khani ra hema hema yek en dewam. Ramanyn Celadet Ali Bedirkhan ud hevalyn wi yn de covara Hawar da nevistenen zhi zhe Khani ud Coi ne juda nen.  

Dema Pyshengtiy: Modernitia Dini ud Linguistic

Tarikha ramana modernitia cordan xhatta cedsala VIIIan dechet. De ramana cordan da moderniti de  cedsala VIIIan da be hozanyn dini yn yarsany[6] dest py kerdie. Be canyn yarsany Baluly Zana (be far. Dana) de cedsala VIIIan da ev baweri hanie nav cordan ud le Kermanshah ud Khaneqiny de nav gell da be jih kerdie. Be heman canan hendek hozanyn wi de Dewrei Balul da henen. Dewrei Balul de kitaba piroz a yarsany Serenjamy da heye. [7]

Szadeq Borekei (Szafizade) de derbary Balul da wosa debyzhet[8]: “Baluly Mahi honereki cordi cedei dohem we thyhemi cochi e. Nawi em honere khwenase Xsomer Corry Leheb we naznawi Bahlul ya zhi Balul e. Be pei kitybi destnusi Serenjam, Balul le nawerasti cedei cochi le Lorestan da peinawete meidani zhianewe, we le sali 219i cochi da le dewreberi Tengegol cochi dwai kerduwe we le wy da nyzhrawe. … Be pei perawi (Serencam) Balul yekemin kes buwe ke rybazi yari le Hewraman da danawe we pashan le gel hendy le yarani Lorestania roishtuwete Beghda we le khedhmeti Imam Jaxsferi Szadeq (119-185i cochi) da maweyek mawetewe, pashan chuwetewe Qermasin (Kermashan) we kheriki perepidani rybazekei buwe we layengireki zori peida kerduwe.” [9]

De demek co faresyn shixsi, cord ud torkyn sonni geshcan be xsarebki nevistenen, pyshengyn diny yarsan Baluly Zana, Baba Tdahery Hemedani, Baba Cerhengy Dewdani be cordki hozanyn khwe nevistenen. Alieki den y balkysh y van pyshengyn edebiata cordki zhi hew est co de hozanyn khwe da cordbuna khwe hanine zmyn. Baba Cerhengy Dewdani (935-1007) de hozanek khwe da wosa gotie:

Cerhengi Dewdan Cerhengi Dewdan

Ez ki namman Cerhengi Dewdan

Cheni yrmanan megylem herdan

Mecoshem perry aini cordan[10]

Cordyn sonni zhi de nav da, de demek co edib ud rewshenbiryn jihana islamy her teshtyn khwe be xsarebki nevistenen, hozanvanyn dindar yn yarsan dev zhe zmany khwe bernedane, hemi hozanyn khwe be cordki nevistenen. Merev decanet vy yeky weki ceriheldaneke le dezhi xhokumet ud zmany dagircaran zhi be nav beket.

Dema nevistena Moszxhafy Resh, kitaba piroz a izedian, rend nahyte zanin. Hendek debyzhiten de dema Sheikh Xsaadiy Musafer da hatie nevisten. Hendek debyzhiten beri Sheikh Xsaadi zhi Moszxhafy Resh le Laleshy hebue. Be canyn (sources) izedian Sheikh Xhasen de 1246an da Kitaby Jelwy be khwe ra hanie.[11] Alphabeta ko ev her do kitabyn piroz  yn izedian py hatenen nevisten teny de nav izedian da heye.[12] Be cedsalan be vy alphabety qewlyn dini ud hozan hatenen nevisten. Zhe bo gotenyn zhe xsarebki ketenen cordki rast benevisen zhe bo her xharfek be ebjeda xsarebki dehyte nevisten xharfek le alphabeta khwe zyde kerdenen. Mosxhafê Reş be van restan dest py deket:

Ewwel jar Khoda le ceri khoshewisti khoi gewherki

Spi kholq kerd u cotriki kholq

Kerr nawi na anfer u geweriki

Dae ser peshti u chel hezar sal

Le seri danesht ewwel rozhi ke

Yekshenbe bu melekeki kholq kerd

Navi na Xsazrail ewish meleky Taus e[13]

De demeke zmany xsarebki le jihana islamy lingua franca bue redkerdena nevistena be vi zmani ud de ser da chykerdena alphabetek newe by goman diardeek gring a modernitiy est.

Merev decanet dema pyshengtia modernitia cordan be navy modernitia dini ud linguistic be nav beket. Chemki ev moderniti hem dini ud hem zhi linguistic est.

Thy Dem ud Thy Kes

Zhe gheini dema pyshengtiy, de modernitia cordan da thy dem ud thy kesyn mohim henen. Exhmedy Khani pyshengy dema cedsala 17an est. Xhaji Qadery Coi pyshengy dawia cedsala 19an ud destpyka cedsala 20an est. Celadet Ali Bedirxan pyshengy dema zhe 1932an ta 1943an est. Ev her thy dem ud her thy kes be heman armanj ud becarhanina heman ry ud rybazan degehyn hev. De practica van thy kes ud thy deman da merev decanet gav be gav pyshvechunek modernist bebinet. De her thy deman da thy armanjyn bengehin henen: dorostkerdena yekitia cordan be ria khwenden ud nevisteny, rezgaria zhe nezantiy, bedestkhestena mafyn melli yn hemdem ud de henjamy da khwe gihandena asta melletyn beserykhwe. Pyshengyn van her  thy deman zhe bo bedestkhestena van mafyn bengehin mohimtia be hev ra becaranina shur ûd qelemy de her ferszety da hanine zmyn.

Dema Pyshin: Dema Exhmedy Khani

Dema pyshin be raman ud kerdenyn Exhmedy Khani cedsala 17an dest py kerdie. Exhmedy Khani zhe bo khwenden ud nevistena be cordki de nav cordan da be jih bebet ud nezanti neminet che zhe destan hatie kerdie. Sala 1683an  Vazhnama pyshin a cordki-xsarebki a be navy Nubehara Bechukan be hawaeki hozani nevistie. Xhatta wy demy vazhnameek cordi nehatie nevisten. Khani sebeba nevistena vy vazhnamy be van restan hanie zmyn:

Ne zhe bo szaxheb rewajan

Belki zhe bo bechukyd Cormanjan[14]

Exhmedy Khani khwastie zarryn cordan be zmany khwe y maderi bekhwinen ud benevisen. De itihasa rewshenbirti ud edebiata cordyn sonni da jara pyshin Exhmedy Khani kitabek dini a be navy Xsaqida Imany be hozani be cordki nevistie. Zhe bo cord be zmany khwe hini diny islamy bebiten sala 1687an ev kitaba khwe nevistie. Be cordki nevistena vy kitaby kerdenyn Martin Luther dehinet bira merev. Martin Luther zhi be heman armanjy de cedsala 16an dan diny khristiantiy be almanki dae nasanden. Zhe bo alman be zmanay khwe y maderi hini diny khwe bebiten Injil terjumei almanki kerdie.

Exhmedy Khani de Xsaqida Imany da gelek szefetyn khwedy yn de fareski ud torki da be xsarebki dehaten nevisten zhi terjumei cordki kerdenen. Szefetyn khwedy yn xsarebki Xhayat, Qodret, Xsilm, Irade, Semxs, Beszer le gor heman ryzy Khweshi, Vin, Zanin, Behisten, Diten terjumei cordki kerdenen. Ev kerden be tena sery khwe de wy demy da kerdenek modernist est. Chemki wan deman faresan, torkan ud gelek gelly den yn mosolman ev szefetyn khwedy teny be xsarebki denevisin.

Exhmedy Khani de methnewia khwe, Mem u Zin, da sebeba be cordki nevistena khwe wosa hanie zmyn:

Szafi shemerand vekhwar dordi

Manendy dorry lisany cordi

Inaye nizsam intezsamy

Kyshaye jefa zhe xsamy

Da khelq nebyzhiten co ecrad

By maxsrifet en by aszl ud boniad

Enwaxsy melel khodan ketyb en

Cormanj teny de by xhasyb en[15]

De cedsala 17an da merev rasti goftugoek le ser alphabet ud haway nevistena cordki nahyt. De her do demyn dawin da goftugoyn le ser hysankerdena alphabety khwedi graniek berbechahv en. De dema Exhmedy Khani da ne teny le ser haway nevistena be cordki, le ser terminologia cordki zhi gengeshiek tonne est. Zhe nevisyn edebiata cordi a wy demy dehyte tygehishten co xhatta jiheki cordkiek standard hebue.

Exhmedy Khani de Mem u Zin da be hawaeki berbechahv zhe bo gelly cord beserykhwebun khwastie. Zhe tonnebuna yekitia de nav cordan da gadhendyn khwe hanine zmyn. De itihasa edebiata cordi da jara pyshin Exhmedy Khani gringtia be hev ra tycoshina shur ud qelemy hanie zmyn. De hozanek khwe da ev khwastena dely khwe be van restan hanie zmyn.

Rabet zhe me zhi jihanpenahek

Peida bebiten me  padishahek

Taxsin bebuya zhe bo wi tekhtek

Shury honera me byte danin

Qedry qelema me byte zanin

Derdy me bebiniten xsilajy

Xsilmy me bebiniten rewajy[16]

Exhmedy Khani de nav dewleta Szafevian ud Xsothmanian da parchebuna welaty cordan ud henjamyn wy yn tragic de kitaba Mem u Zin da hanine zmyn. Khani be hawaeki berbechahv le dezhi helwesta van her do dewletan a zhe bo berzhewendiyn khwe le ser sinoran be hevuden coshtena cordan weki rudanek nahyte qebulkerden hanie zmyn. Ev malekyn (beityn) zhe methnewia Mem u Zîn li ser vy rewshy hatenen nevisten:

Ev rom u xsacem be wan le xhasar en

Cormanj hemi le char kenar en

Her do tderefan qebilyn cormanj

Bo tiry qedza kerene amanj

Goya co le serxhadan kelid en

Her tdaife seddeki shedid en[17]

De xsaalema islamy da zhe gheini Exhmedy Khani hozanvaneki den y wy demy de methnewiek deldartiy da problemy gelley khwe be hawaeki hew qas berbechahv nehanie zmyn, ud zhy ra le charan negerriae. Ev zhi taibetiek den a modernitia wy demy est. De dema covara “Rozhi Cord” ud covara “Hawar” da zhi merev rasti vi aliy modernitiy dehyt.

Be Exhmedy Khani sebeba rewsha kherab a cord ty da nen, malwyrantia wan, zhe ali rom ud xsareb ud xsajem ve zhe bo berzhewendiyn khwe le ser sinoran be hevuden coshtena wan, bydewletia wan teny ud teny zhe tonnebuna yekitia wan est. Khani ev yek zhi be van restan hanie zmyn:

Ger dy hebua me ittefaqek

Wyk ra bekera me inqiadek

Rom[18] u xsareb ud xsajem

Hemian zhe me ra deker ghulami

Taxhszil deker me xsilm ud xhicmet[19]

Dema Dodoan: Rozha Modernitia Cordan “Rozhi Cord”

Dema dodoan a modernitia cordan de dawia cedsala 19an ud destpyka cedsala bistan da le Stenboly dest py kerdie. Zhe modernistyn heri be nav ud dengyn vy demy yek by goman Xhaji Qadery Coi est. Xhaji Qadery Coi peirewy Exhmedy Khani est. Dem dema melletiy est. Xhaji Qadery Coi zhe bo mellety cord keiati khwastie. Hemparitia wi ud Exhmedy Khani a heri mohim zhi zhe bo bedestkhestena dewletek le ser bengehyn keiatiy est. De wary haway tycoshiny da zhi her duan heman rasti hanine zmyn. He doan zhi welateki becerykhwe khwastenen. Xhaci Qadery Coi hemramantia khwe a be Exhmedy Khani ra wosa hanie zmyn.

Zemani resmi jaran nemawe

Chrawkhi nizsam u menshi cozhrawe

Le dewri yme zowan u jrid e

Eger che meqszedi zanin bawe

Eman qedri bezane em ketybe

Le donia ysta ke hemtai nemawe

Ly ainam xhayat Sheikh Khani

Le ser noskheta khetaw nusrawe

Le lai erbab khoi be qedr u qimet

Khezinei gewher e u kisi draw e

Le enjam mejmue dol Soran u Bohtan

Le saye em ketybe nusrawe

Le cordan gheiri Xhaji u Sheikh Khani

Esasy nizsamy cordi dananewe[20]

Modernitia salyn destpyki yn cedsala bistan de nav ruperryn covara Rozhi Cord da khwe dedet khwiakerden. Ev moderniti her che qas zhe aliy khwedi derketena le nizsama padishahtiy ud parastena diny islamy ve be a dewleta Osmani ra khwedi khalyn hempar bet zhi de hendek waran da zhy deqetdet. Zhe van khalyn juda yek zhi by goman modernitia be desty dewlety est. Zhe ber co dewleta cordan tonne but nacanebun de vi wari da imkanyn dewlety be car behinen. Zhe aliy den ve imkanyn wan yn shandena khwendecaryn cordan a welatyn rozhava zhi tonne but.

Neviscar ud rewshenbiryn modernistyn le ser ruperryn Rozhi Cord[21] ramanyn khwe yn de derbary mezharyn juda da hanine zmyn. Zhe linguistican ud edebiaty begeren ta be politican, mafyn zhenan ud zraxsata modern le ser gelek wari nevistenen.

Neviscaryn Rozhi Cord le ser ramana melletiy de nav khwe da bunen do par. Dr. Xsabdollah Jewdet, Babanzade Ismaxsil Xhaqqi ud Lotdfi Fekri y Dersimi  khwastenen cord de nav dewleta Xsothmani da be hyzhahiyn khwe yn melli bezhin.[22] Khelil Kheyali (Modani Kh., M.KH), M. Bedirkhan, Bulgaristanli Doghan ud Ghezal khwedi ramana welateki beserykhwe nen. Yn dawin be qasi yn pyshin nacanebunen khwastena khwe ashkera behineten zmyn. Zhe ber astengan nechar manen de shuna navyn khwe yn rastin da be navyn mostexsar benevisen. Ly zhe gotaryn wan khoibunkhwazia wan be hysani dehyte tygehishten.[23] Her do alian zhi khwastenen cord mafyn khwe yn melli be dest bekhinen ud de zhiana khwe a rozhane da be jih beken. Her do alian zhi khwastenen cord be ria khwenden ud nevisteny zhe nezantiy rezgar bebiten.

Neviscaryn Rozhi Cord geshk zhe bo de demek cort da hinkerdena khwenden ud nevistena cordki, le ser chykerdena alphabetek zhe xharfyn xsareban a khwenden ud nevistena wy hysanter est hemraman en. Dr. Xsabdollah Jewdet, Bulgaristanli Doghan, Babanzade Ismaxsil Xhaqqi, Khelil Kheyali ramanyn khwe yn de vi wari da be hawaeki ashkera hanine zmyn. Soleimanieli Mesxsud alphabetek zhe 40 xharfi pyk dehat pyshniaz kerdie, ud hyzhatia alphabeta khwe wosa hanie zmyn: “Noha hun be van xharfan che bekhwazen decanen benevisen.”[24] Saygin Bilimlerin Genellestirilmesi ve Harflerin Duzenlenmesi Jemiyeti be alphabeta zhe xharfyn xsareban a hysankerdi gotarek de covary da weshandie.[25]

Fuad Temo xhikayetek be navy “Chirrok”[26] nevistie. Navyn kesyn de xhikayety da, Shewysh, Shovan, Ruspi, Rezgo navyn khweru cordki nen. Navyn dini nehatenen becarhanin. De xhikayety da rewsha psycholologic a Shewysh hatie zmyn. Chirokbyzhtia vy xhikayety ud becarnehanina navyn dini chend diardyn be pivanyn modernitiy nen. Heker wem Mem ud Zin[27] a Exhmedy Khani a zhe ali Melle Maxhmudy Bazidi ve be pekhsani hatie nevisten be xhikayeti qebul neken, “Chirrok” de edebiata cordmanjki da xhikayeta pyshin est.

Erghani Maxsdenli Y.J. persyn zhenyn cordan hanine zmyn ud khwastie zhy ra chareek were diten. Neviscar gotena khwe be vy jomly be dawi kerdie: “Rewsha zhenyn melleteki pivana pyshketen ud shundamaina wi melleti nishan dedet. Asta pyshketena melletan ud merevan her dem be derenja khweshia zhiana zhenan diar debet.”[28]

Fekri Nejdet y Diarbekri de nevisyn khwe yn le ser chandeniy da zhe jotcaryn cordan khwastie co dev zhe haletyn kevn ud hawayn kevn yn chandeniy berbeden, machinyn chandenia modern ud newe derketenen zhe khwe ra bekerren, ud de wary riyn newe yn chandeniy da khwe begehinen da co becaneben bery zeviyn khwe zydeter beken ud de henjamy da zhianek khweshter bezhin. Neviscar wosa gotie: “Wem zu da hemu le ser wi decolen, le benia wi ra desty me nagizhe, bashy wi le beni demine her sal. Her sal ew ceri zhe me ra hew qas tov dede, faida wi qediaye. Lewma em hendek destinen… Machine chykerene, be jarekyda khweli tol deke. Khweliy zhe beny xsardy tol deke, sery wy zhi davê  le ben, lewma colanden machinan bash deben. Genemy wi zhi bash debe, khort debe.”[29]

Modernitia cordan a de Rozhi Cord da be grani be pivanyn modernitia derengmai est. Zhe alieki ve khwastenen bebiten khwedi berhemyn hemdem yn modern, zhe aliy den khwastenen sysema khwe a siasi ud dini beparyzen. Gotara Babanzade Ismaxsil Xhaqqe a be navy “Kürdlük ve Müslümanlık”[30] vy rastiy pesend deket.  Hozanvanyn vy covary geshkan hozanyn khwe be pivanyn edebiata cordi a bery nevistenen. Helwestek edebi a le dezhi traditiona edebiata cordi a classic de nav perryn vy covary da khwia nabet.

Dema Thethian: “Hawar” a Modernitiy

Dema 3an a modernitia cordana dema covara “Hawar” est. Ev dem de sala 1932an da be weshina covara “Hawar” a be desty Celadet Ali Bedirxan dest py deket. Covara “Hawar” be alphabeta cordki a be xharfyn roman dest be weshany kerdie. De hezhmara pyshin da alphabet be zmany cordki, xsarebki, torki ud franceski hatie nasanden. Celadet Ali Bedirxan be goherrandena alphabeta cordki zhe xharfyn xsareban khwastie zhe beni da dawiy le goftugoyn le ser alphabety behinet.

Exhmedy Khani khwastie cord be zmany khwe benevisen ud bexwinen. Neviscar ud rewshenbiryn cereke yn de Rozhi Cord da khwastenen alphabeta cordan a be xharfyn xsareban hysan beken, ly nekhwastenen wy beguherrinen. Celadet Ali Bedirxan zhe xharfyn roman alphabetek nyzdiki alphabeta torkan a be xharfyn roman amade kerdie ud py covara Hawar derkhestie. Ev kerdenyn le ser haway nevistena cordki gav be gav asta modernitia cordan a de vi wari da dehinen zmyn.

Celadet Ali Bedirxan zhi mina Exhmedy Khani ud Xhaji Qadery Coi de mohimtia behevratia shur ud qelemy da be iszrar est. Devyt nehyte zhe birkerden co Xhaji Qaderi Coi zhe bo le Stenboly dersy bedet zarryn Bedikhanian zhe Coy berdene Stenboly. Be gotenek den Celadet ud Kamuran Bedirxan xwendecaryn Xhaji Qadery Coi nen.

Celadet Ali Bedirxan de xhikayeta khwe a be navy “Gazinda Xencera Min” da khwe weki peirewy Exhmedy Khani nishan dedet. De xhikayety da be zmany “Xencery” vy rastiy wosa dehinet zmyn: “Herê te daye pey Ehmedê Xanî, tu dixwazî ku wî karê ku Xanî nebiribû serî,, to bibî serî. Ewî gotibû:

Da xelk nebêjitin ko Ekrad

Bê me’rîfet in bê esl û binyad

Tu dixwazî ko bête gotin:

Xelk tev dibêjîtin ko Ekrad

Bi me’rîfet in bi esl û binyad”[31]

Le gel xhikayeta “Gazinda Xencera Min”, theatroa “Hevind” a Celadet Ali Bedirxan a le ser ceriheldana Ageri, xhikayeta “Gulê” a Nuredîn Zaza[32], “Li Goristanek Amedê” a Osman Sebrî ud gelek xhikayet ud hozanyn den yn Hawary mohimtia behevratia shur ud qelemy  hanine zmyn.

Modernitia cordan asta khwe a heri bolend zhe sala 1932an ta 1943an de ruperryn covara Hawar da zhiae. Le gor Ferhad Pirbal radegehinet cordology frances Roger Lescot dema covara “Hawar” be navy Ecola Shamy a Edebiata Cordi” be nav kerdie.[33] Rastiyn modernitiy yn de Rozhi Cord da nehatenen zmyn hema hema geshk de covara Hawar da be dengeki bolend hatenen zmyn.

Xhikayetnevisyn covara Hawar, Celadet Ali Bedirxan, Osman Sebrî, Nuredîn Zaza, Qedrican be technickyn modern yn europan xhikayetyn khwe nevistenen. Ferhad Pirbal le ser chirrokbyzhtia xhikayetnevisyn covara Hawar wosa debyzhet: “The importance of “Hawar”s stories doesn’t depend on the number, but lies within the technique, essence, style, and also, technique of expression which is modern and different from previous known forms. For instance: regarding the story technique, we see, and that is for the first time, that “the 2nd singular’s language” is used by Kamaran Badirkhan, in telling his stories.”[34]

Celadet Ali Bedirxan de xhikayeta khwe a be navê “Gazinda Xencera Min” ud theatroa khwe a be navy “Hevind” da aliy berkhwedar y modernitia cordan be hawaeki berbechahv hanie zmyn. Ev moderniti de rastia khwe da modernitiek le ser bengehyn berkhwedany pyk hatie. Hem de “Gazinda Xencera Min” hem zhi de “Hevind” da be hawaeki ashkera dehyte tygehishten co Celadet Ali Bedirxan be temami dev zhe tycoshina chekdari bernedae. Rastia den a co zhe nevisyn wi dehyte tygehishten zhi hew es co tycoshina chekdari be ser a culturi ra negertie.

Lehengy theatroa “Hevind”, Serwer Beg, le Europay khwendie. Be armanja rezgarkerdena welaty khwe bue cereky chekdaryn le chiay Araraty, le dezhi Romy sher kerdie. Ferqa vy jenga rezgaria melli ud pevchunyn de nav xsashiran da wosa dehinet zmyn: “Belê xebera wan e. Ev şerê ha, şerê me digel wan ne wek şerên zemanê berê ye. Berê, me li ser qemçûr an mîrîyê şer dikir. Carin hebûn ji bona xwînîyekî jî. Lê îro ji bona welêt û heyina xwe şer dikin, diqewimînin. Belê ev şerên ha ko çend sal in di welatê me de dibin şerinin bi armanc in. Ew xistine serê xwe mala me ji destê me bibin. Ew mala ko ji mêj ve ji pênc hezar sal ve em tê de ne. Ew mala ko gelek neyar û dijmin hewandine, lê tu car nehiştine ko ew tê de cih bibin û warên me ji me bistînin. Bîyanî, wekî dihatin welatê me û vedigirtin me xwe dida çîyan. Û li jor ve li çûn û hatina wan dinihêrî. Lê îro ne welê ye. Hildikişin çîyayên me jî, nahêlin em di ser wan de jî bisekinin. Ji lewra, ji bona me du rê ninin. Rêyek heye. Divêt em dijminê xwe ji mala xwe derînin û xweyîyê mala xwe bibin”[35] Serwer Beg zhe aliy Qeshem ud Menije ve weki “ew khorty jelteng” dehyte benavkerden. Zhe vy zhi dehyte tygehishten co de shuna kenjyn cordan da kenjyn europi le Serwer Beg en. Ev yek nehatie mezenkerden, ly nehatie peshtgohkerden zhi.

Celadet Ali Bedirxan rastia cordan a khwe le ber mezenyn khwe zahf pechoukditeny, khwe negihandena asta cerbestia shekhszi zhi be devy segmaneki be navy Qubad wosa hanie zmyn: “Qubad – (Bi dengekî bi girîn) Ax ez benî, ez gorî min digot xwe ew çend mede pêş. Ma em seyên te nizanim ji bo çi bûn. Te kerîyê xwe çawan bê serî hişt. Ez gorî min digot ez gorîya serê te bibim, te ez kirim kêla gorna xwe. Bego! Bego! Begê zirav mirin ji bo te hêj gelek zû ye. Dinya din rahetî ye. Tu ne mêrê rahetîyê yî. Tu mêrê şer û qewimandinê yî. Ev çîya gir û gaz tenê bi deng û navtêdana te şîn û ser xwe ne. Bê te çîya nizim, rûbar zuwa, ezman bê roj û tav e.”[36] Segman Qubad hemi jengaweryn ceriheldany le ber Serwer Begy dekhine asta segan. Berkhwedaran weki keriy Serwer Begy be nav deket. Le ver shovan Serwer Beg est, keri berkhwedar en. Ev rastia cargertia ceriheldanyn cordan de heman demy da sebebek bengehin a tykchuna wana est.

Theatroa dodian a edebiata cordi a be navy “Hevind”[37] zhe aliy Celadet Ali Bedirxan ve hatie nevisten ud weshanden. Hem zhe aliy contenty ve ud hem zhe aliy chirokbyzhtiy ve “Hevind” le gor theatroa beri khwe serketiter e. De theatroa pyshin a cordi “Memê Alan” [38] a Evdirrehim Rehmîyê Hekarîi da her tesht zhe bo serketena diny islamy est. Ly de theatroa “Hevind” da her tesht zhe bo rezgaria melli est.

De edebiata cordi da hozana pyshin a cerbest zhe ali Celadet Ali Bedirxan ve hatie nevisten. Ev hozana be navy “Bilûra Min” de covara Hawar da hatie weshanden. Merev decanet vy hozany zhe aliy shemali ve weki ceriheldanek bydeng a le hember edebiata cordi a classic zhi helbesenginet.

BILÛRA MIN

Bilûra min a şîrîn.

Tu di sarîya sibehê

Û hingura êvarê de

Hevalê bêhevalan,

Destbrayê şivan û dilketîyan î.

Dengê te,

Hêstirên dilên xemgîran,

Silava ji hev-veqetîyan,

Girîn û zarina dilketîyan

Tîne bira min.

Bilûra min tu î,

Xemrevîna têrkeserên dinyayê!!

Dengê bilûra min,

Çîya û zozanên bilind,

Kanîyên bi gul û rihan dorgirtî,

Guhê şkeft û serê zinaran

Guhdarên te ne !

Û sura bayê xerbî.

Te di nav pelên darê de digerîne.

Bilûra min, were emê

Bi wi çîyayê bilind re

Bi hewa kevin,

Û bibin ciranê bayên xurt

Û hevalê kimtên wan

Yen bi mij û dûman,[39]

De hozanyn covara Hawar da xsashqa khwedy ud peikhamber a de hozanyn classic yn cordi da jihy khwe dae xsashqa welyt ud khoibuny. Perrania hozanyn Cegerxwîn yn le ser azadi ud cerbestia melli hatenen nevisten de heman demy da le dezhi nizsama sheikhti ud melletiy nen. De hozanyn Cegerxwîn ud Qedrican da ceriheldanek ashkera le dezhi aghati ud sheikhtiy heye. De van hozanan da diny Zerdusht peikhamber weki diny melli y cordan hatie diten ud hatie pesenanden. Ev zhi diardeek zhe bo danina bengehyn melli est. Ceriheldana modernistan a le dezhi nizsama wy demy de theatro, xhikayet ud hozanyn covara Hawar da berbechahv est.

Firat Aydinkaya de nevisek khwe a be geshti le ser modernitia cordan be taibeti le ser dema covara Hawar, be grani le ser Celadet Alî Bedirxan ud xhikayeta wi a be navy “Xencera Min” nevistie da ramanyn khwe wosa hanine zmyn: Modernitia cordan de destpyky da de nav  derengmaina zhe bo hendek deveran ud gehishtena hendek deveran da tengezhie. Le ser xhiszyn rewshenbiryn zhe jihy khwe bui pyk hatie. Zhe ber vy yeky de shertyn destpyky da modernitia cordan le ser xhiszyn penaber bue khwedi shemalek jihyreng. Zhe ber co be hawaeki xhiszi dest py kerdie modernitiek berkhuni est. Zhe aliy den ve le welateki parche parche bui modernitiek yecane zhe khwe ne momkun est.[40]

Zhehevdaketena Imparatoria Xsothmanian ud ixhtimala be ser cordan da helweshina wy modernistyn cordan khestena nav tersek gran. Zhe rationalitiy bypartia modernitia cordan pyshengyn khwe khestenen nav helwestyn geleki balkysh. Tykelia khort ud by pergal a hendek modernist ud Bedirkhaniyn be Ittixhad Teraqqiy[41] ra nomuneek vy diardy est. Peiwendia Emin Alî Bedirxan a be massonan ra, projectyn Sherif Pasha de vy many da hyzhai helsegandeny nen. Merev decanet delkhwazia Xhaji Qadery Coi a zhe keieki cord a ne le gor demy zhi le vy zyde beket. Be gotena cort her che qas de dema Xhothmanian da tokhemy modernitia cordan hatebet havyten zhi projectek be system a be zaneti tonne bue. De shertyn destpyky da modernitia cordan de rastia khwe da lebatek kham a rewshenbirtiy est.[42]

Be rasti modernitia cordan zhe newe ve vezhian mytheky est. Peshti helweshina dewleta Xsothmani zydeter parchebuna welaty cordan, redkerdena hebuna wan ud zmany wan, chahvsortia politic ud berkhwedana le dezhi vy rewshy parametroyn xhiszi yn modernitia cordan pyk dehinen. Aliy berdewam y vy modernitiy berkhwedartia wy est. Be gotenek den, modernitia cordan a be ria berkhwedany pyk hatie khwedi charactereki dezhi modernitiy est. Zhe ber co bery xhasheki reactionaire est hem zhe aliy edebi ud hem zhi zhe aliy rewshenbiri ve by ber est. Berkhwedan de rastia khwe da ne helbezhartenek est, nechariek social ud tarikhi est. Zhe bo berkhwedany moderniti ud zhe bo modernitiy berkhwedan zhe nechartiy py ve teshteki den nebu. De henjamy da giany gelli y berkhwedana cordan hem bedena organic, hem zhi giani de vy bedena organic a modernitia cordan da est.[43]

Henjam

Dema pyshengtiy ne ty da, modernistyn her thy demyn den, Exhmedy Khani, Xhaji Qadery Coi ud Celadet Ali Bedirxan le ser nezantia cordan, mohimtia hinbuna khwenden ud nevistena be cordki, tonnebuna yekitia cordan ud zhe bo charekerdena van probleman ramanyn khwe be berferehi haninen zmyn.

De van her thy deman da modernistan khwastenen be ria shur ud qelemy cord begehizhen cerbestia khwe. Be gotenek den, de her thy deman da zhi hawayn xwe gihandena cerbestiy ud bedestkhestena mafyn melli negoherrinen.

Tethira moderniti rozhavai perrter de dema thethian da khwe le ser berhemyn edebi ud ramani yn modernistyn cordan be hawaeki berbechahv dedet khwiakerden. Her che qas zhe bo dema pyshin merev nacanebet teshteki wosa bebyzhet zhi, de dema thethian da ev tethir be hawaeki ashkera khwia debet. Modernistyn ecola Hawary de wary edebi da de becarhanina hawayn chirrokbyzhtia rozhavai da serketi nen. Wan modernitia rozhavai teqlid nekerdene. Be technickyn rozhavai theatro zhi de nav da xhikayet, niband (essay) le gor rastia social a cordan nevistenen. Nevisyn khwe be zmany gell nevistenen.

De modernitia cordan da her dem politica khwedi rolek cereke bue. De nav rewshenbiran cda ramana nationalismy peida bue, ly ev raman de nav gell da be jih nebue; de her ty demyn khwe da zhi teny de nav rewshenbiran da maee. Pyshengyn modernist necanebune vy tygehishteny de nav gell da be jih beken. Zhe sebebyn beserneketena vy modernity yek zhi by goman ev aliy wy y duri rationalismy est. Be cortucordmanjki zhe ber van sebebyn be hawaeki durudryzh hatenen zmyn modernitia me a cedsala bistan her dem berkhuni ud peshtkhuz bue, necanebue peshta khwe rast beket. Mekhaben ev rewsha zhe rastiy dur a modernistyn me de gelek wari hina zhi berdewam est.

Raif Yaman

---

[1] Le Nouveau Petit Robert, Dictionnire de la Langue Française, DICOROBERT Inc. Montréal, Canada, 1993, rp. 1421

[2] https://www.etymonline.com/word/modern

[3] Lazem est merev by goman modernist bet. Anne Fauré, bnb. Zhe franceski terjume: Raif Yaman

[4] Anne Fauré, 2007, “Le Modernimse”, La Clé des Langues (Lyon: ENS LYON/DGESCO), ISSN 2107-7029, Mis à jour le 16 juin 2009, Url : http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/le-modernisme-29870 

[5] Yarsan dehyte mana yaryn Soltan Isxhaq. Soltan Isxhaq behevcary kitaba piroz a Serenjam est.

[6] Yarsan medhebeke islamy a heterodox e. Xhareb zhe baweryn vi dini ra xsaiullahi debyzhiten, wate kesyn xhadzreti Xsali weki khwedy debinen.  Ev medhheb be navy ehli xhap zhi dehyte benavkerden. Kitaba wan a piroz Serenjam est. De Serenjamy da gelek hozanyn hozanvanyn dindar yn diny yarsan henen. Zmany van hozanan cordki (shywezaryn gorani, hewrami, lori) est.

[7] Adak, Abdurrahman, Edebîyata Kurdî ya Klasîk –Tarîxa Edebîyata Kurdî-  Têbinîyên Dersê, Mêrdîn, 2012, rp. 28. Le gor van notyn dersy Baluly Zana de 806an da merdie. Zhe dema merdena Balul dehyte tygehishten co hozanvanyn dindar yn yarsan de cedsala VIIIan da hozanyn khwe be cordki nevistenen. De shywezary cordki y be navy gorani da zhe hozany ra honrawe hatie goten.  

[8] Transcriptiona zhe xharfyn alphabeta cordan a be xharfyn xsareban bo xharfyn roman: Raif Yaman

[9] Borekei (Szafizade), Szadeq, Myzhui Wyzhei Cordi, Tom 1, Weshanyn Nuji, Baneh (Cordestan, 1956, rp. 47,48

[10] Adak, Abdurrahman, bnb rp. 29

[11] De amadekerdena vi beshy le ser pyshengtia modernitia çordan da be grani zhe notyn dersy yn master a le ser zman ud cultura çordan a le universita Artuklu a Mardiny, dersa Edebiata Cordi a Classic a khwendedan Abdurrahman Adak ud kitaba Myzhui Wyzhei Cordi a  Szadeq Borekei (Szafizade) sud hatie wergerten.

[12] Moszxhafy Resh ud Kitaby Jelwy her do zhi be cordki (be shywezary mucri) hatenen nevisten. Zhe aliy gelek lygerr ud lycoleri ve zmany van her do kitabyn piroz yn izedian be shasheti zary cordki y cordmanjkia zhor hatie nishandain. Zhe ber vy yeky gelek merev de vi wari da khwedi zaninek nerast en. 

[13] Trancription ud transliterationa zhe alphabeta izedian: Raif Yaman.

[14] Yildirim, Kadri, Ehmedê Xanî Mem û Zîn Çeviri ve Kavramsal Tahlil, Avesta Yayinlari, Stenbol, rp. 22

[15] Xanî, Ehmed, Mem û Zîn, Şîrovekar: Perwîz Cîhanî, Nûbihar, Stenbol, rp. 224, 225, 226228

[16] Xanî, Ehmed, Mem û Zîn, Şîroveker: Perwîz Cîhanî, Weşanên Nûbihar, Stenbol, 2010, rp. 200, 201, 202

[17] Bnb, rp. 214, 215, 216

[18] Zhe dema Roma Rozhhelat be ver da cordan de nav khwe da jiranyn khwe yn rozhava be grani be navy rom be nav kerdenen. Gotena rom de nav gell da be perrani khwedi maneek negativ est, kym jaran khwedi maneek positiv est.

[19] Cîhanî, Perwîz, bnb 220, 221

[20] Kurdo, Qanatê, Tarîxa Edebîyata kurdî, Weşanên Lîs, 2010, Amed, rp. 33-34

[21] Covara “Rozhi Cord” weshana Hyvi Kurd Talebe Cemiyeti (Comela Khwendekaryn Cord Hyvi) ye. Sala 1913an 4 hezhmaryn vy covary le Stenboly hatenen weshanden. Sala 1914an be derketena Jenga Pyshin a Jihany ra dawi le weshana wy hatie.

[22] Jevdet, Xsabdollah, “Ittihad Yolu (Birlik Yolu)” “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h. 2; Fekri, Lotdfi, Fekrî, “Kurd Milliyeti”, bnb (berhema navy wy bohori), h. 4; Babanzade Ismaxsil Xhaqqi, “Kurdluk ve Muslumanlik”, bnb, h. 2

[23] Kheyali Khelil, (M.Kh), “Ziman” bnb. H. 3; rp. 94; Bulgaristanli, Dogan, “Milletinize Karşi Vazifeniz”, bnb, h.2; Bedirkhan, M., “Gençlige Hurmet”, bnb, h. 4; Ghezal, “Dema  Caly Me, Chagha Me, Dema Ty”, bnb, h. 1

[24] Suleymanîyeli Mesxsd, Azîzî, M.S, “Harflerimiz ve Okuma Kolayligi”, bnb, h. 1, 2.

[25] Saygin “Ilimlerin Genelleştirilmesi ve Harflerin Duzenlenmesi” Cemîyeti, bnb, h. 2

[26] Temo, Fuad, “Chirrok”, bnb, h.1

[27] Duhokî, Xelîl, “Mele Mehmûdê Bayezîdî (1799-1867) Yekemîn çîroknivîs û pexşannivîsê kurd e…”, Gulistan, Stenbol, Sibat, 2002, h. 1

[28] Ergheni Maxsdenli, Y.J., “Kurtlerde Kadin Meselesi”, “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, h. 4

[29] Diarbekri, Nejdety, Diarbekri, Fekri, Nejdety “Jotkari”, bnb, h. 1, “Erdy Me” bnb, h. 3

[30] Babanzade Ismaxsil Xhaqqe, “Kurdluk ve Muslumanlik”, bnb, h.2

[31] Bedirxan, Celadet Alî, “Gazinda Xencera Min”, “Hawar”, Sham, 1932, h. 12

[32] Nûreddîn Zaza ev hikayeta khwe be navy Nûredîn  Ûsiv de hezhmara  29an a “Hawar”y da weshandie.

[33] Pirbal, Ferhad, “Damascus’ School for kurdish Literature (Part One), http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=77AC6775AF688D076B85F0BBB512A2BD

[34] Pirbal, Ferhad, “Damascus’ School for kurdish Literature” (part two) http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=B5272811C7BD09D3E2F4F51FDFB20110

[35] Bedirxan, Celadet Alî, “Hevind”, “Hawar”, 1933, h. 20

[36] bnb

[37] Bedirxan, Celadet Alî, “Hevind”, “Hawar”, Sham, 1933, h. 20

[38] Hekarî, Evdirehîm Rehmî, Memê Alan, Weşanên Lîs, Dîyarbekir, 2007

[39] Celadet Alî Bedirxan ev hozana khwe be navy khwe y mekhlesz Seydayê Gerok nevistie. Ev hozan de hezhmara 32an a “Hawar”y da hatie weshanden.

[40] Aydinkaya, Firat, “Golgotha Tepesinden Inmenin Arifesinde Vicahîye Çevrilmiş ‘Kurt Modernleşmesi Eleştirisi’”, Dipnot, 2010,  Stenbol, h. 1, Zhe torki terjume: Raif Yaman

[41] Ittihat ve Terakki partiek politic a Xsothmanian est. Sala 1908an ava bue, ud sala 1918an dawi le hebuna khwe hanie. Endamyn wy geshk beshdari kemalistan bunen.

[42] Aydinkaya, Firat, bnb

[43] Aydinkaya, Firat, bnb

BIBLIOGRAPHIA

Adak, Abdurrahman, Edebîyata Kurdî A Klasîk –Tarîxa Edebîyata Kurdî- Notyn dersy, Mardîn, 2012

Anne Fauré, 2007, “Le Modernimse”, La Clé des Langues (Lyon: ENS LYON/DGESCO), ISSN 2107-7029

Babanzade Ismaxsil Xhaqqi, “Kurdluk ve Muslumanlik”, “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h.2

Beaudlaire, Charles, Curiosités esthétiques; L’art romantique et autres oeuvres critiques, http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k101426n

Bedirkhan, Djeladet Ali, “Le Folklore kurde”, “Hawar”, Sham, 1932, h. 3

Bedirxan, Celadet Alî, “Hevind”, “Hawar”, Sham, 1933, h. 20

Bedirxan, M., “Gençlige Hurmet”, “Rozhi cord”,  Stenbol, 1913, h. 4

Borekeyî (Szefîzade), Szadeq, Myzhui Wyzhei Cordi, Baneh, Cordestan, 1956, Berg: 1

Bulgaristanli, Dogan, “Milletinize Karşi Vazifeniz”, Rozhi Cord, 1913, h.2

Cevdet, Abdullah, “Ittihad Yolu (Birlik Yolu)” “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h. 2

Diarbekeri, Nejdety, Diarbekeri, Fekri Nejdety “Jotcari”, bnb, h. 1, “Erdy Me” “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h. 3

Duhoki, Xelîl, “Mele Mehmûdê Bayezîdî (1799-1867) Yekemîn çîroknivîs û pexşannivîsê kurd e…”, Gulistan, Stenbol, Sibat, 2002, h. 1

Ergheni Maxsdenli, Y.J., “Kurtlerde Kadin Meselesi”, “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913,  h. 4

Fekri Lotdfi, “Kurd Millîyeti”, “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913,, h. 4 

Ghezal, “Dema Kaly Me, Chagha Me, Dema Ty”, bnb, h. 1

Hekarî, Evdirehîm Rehmî, Memê Alan, Weşanên Lîs, Dîyarbekir, 2007

Kheyali, Khelil  (M.Kh), “Zman”,  “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h.3

Kurdo, Qanatê, Tarîxa Edebîyata kurdî, Weşanên Lîs, 2010, Amed

Le Nouveau Petit Robert, Dictionnire de la Langue Française, DICOROBERT Inc. Montréal, Canada, 1993

Rozhi Cord, Stenbol, 1913, h. 1,2,3,4,

Saadallah, Salah, Saladin’s English-Kurdish Dictionary Ferhenga Kurdî-Înglîzî a Selahedîn, Weşanên Avesta / Avesta Publishers, Stenbol, 2000

Seydayê Gerok, “Blûra Min”, “Hawar”, Sham, 1941, h. 32

Suleymaniyeli Mesxsud Xsazizi, M.S, “Harflerimiz ve Okuma Kolayligi”, “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h. 1-2

Temo, Fuad, “Chirrok”, “Rozhi Cord”, Stenbol, 1913, h.1

The online etymology dictionary https://www.etymonline.com/word/modern

Xanî, Ehmedê, Mem û Zîn, Şîroveker: Perwîz Cîhanî, Weşanên Nûbihar, Stenbol, 2010

Yildirim, Kadri, Ehmedê Xanî Mem û Zîn Çeviri ve Kavramsal Tahlil, Avesta Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2010

Zaza, Nureddîn, “Golê”, “Hawar”, Sham, 1941, h. 29

* Di hejmara dudîan de, hatiye weşandin.

Piştgirî jibo Philosophia Kurdî Xwedevanên hêja, dilsozên zarûzimanê kurdî. Bi rêya vê sepana Paypal’e, hûn jî dikarin piştgirîya xebatên malper û kovara Philosophia Kurdî bikin û mil bidin xebatên me. Perê ku hûn bexşê malperê dikin, bi tevahî dê ji bo geşkirina malperê û çapkirina kovarê were xerckirin. Em hêvî dikin Philosophia bi nivîskar û xwendeyên xwe bibe xwedî temenekî dûr û dirêj, bibe çiraxek di şevên tarî ên kurdan da, hawaê ramîna philosophic li ber dilê rêber, serek û kargerên kurdan şîrîn bike, da ku ew jî bikanibin mîna ên milletên bi rûmet karê xwe rast bikin. Philosophiaê bi xweşî bixwînin, jê ra binivîsin û mil bibin xebatên wê...